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定语从句关系词还在which乱填·that漏判·介词拔空？明师一组把对照与失分看板秒上桌
英语定语从句丢分,90%死在关系词选择:which/that/who/whose混填、只用that的"必用"句判不准、介词+which/whom组合写不出来。本文用4道初二考后真题演示:老师把题目交给明师,输入一条指令,秒出"题目—关键点—答案"对照表;并把全班失分原因做成红橙靛三色横向看板,最后给出在明师里的备课、出题分档、错题订正工作流。适合考后讲评定位薄弱点。
定语从句改错和填空,全班最集中的三个痛点是:which/that/who/whose凭语感乱填、先行词是"人"还是"物"判不准、介词+关系词组合直接空着不写。讲评时如果只念答案,下张卷子还会错。核心结论:关系词三步选——先看先行词(人/物/不定),再看在从句里做什么成分(主/宾/定),最后看"必用that"和"介词前置"两条硬规则。
先说结论:关系词的选择=先行词定性+成分定位+硬规则兜底
一组真题的输入→输出
老师把题目交给明师,输入指令:
我是初二英语老师,请把下面4道定语从句改错/填空题做成对照表,每行含"原题、关键点、易错分析、正确答案",用于考后讲评。1) The book ____ I bought yesterday is very interesting. 2) The girl ____ is singing is my sister. 3) I have a friend ____ father is a doctor. 4) This is the house in ____ Lu Xun once lived.
明师产出的对照表:
| 题号 | 题目/算式 | 关键点 | 易错分析 | 答案 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The book ____ I bought yesterday is very interesting. | 先行词book是物,在从句中作bought的宾语 | 很多同学填which对,但容易混;此处which/that均可,作宾语可省 | which / that(可不填) |
| 2 | The girl ____ is singing is my sister. | 先行词girl是人,在从句中作主语 | 主语位置不能省;who/that均可,which错 | who / that |
| 3 | I have a friend ____ father is a doctor. | 先行词friend是人,后接名词father,需要"所有格"关系词 | 70%同学漏写whose,直接写who/which | whose |
| 4 | This is the house in ____ Lu Xun once lived. | 介词in提前,后必须接指人whom或指物which;此句house是物 | 介词提前后关系词不能省,不能填that | which |
明师的点拨:
- 第1题是"物+宾语"的最基础款,讲评时要顺手补一句:作宾语时which/that/不填都对,考场上写which最稳。
- 第2题的"人+主语"组合,who=that,但which绝对错,这点要让学生背死。
- 第3题考所有格关系词,看到"____+名词"的结构直接锁定whose,不区分人/物。
- 第4题是"介词+关系词"组合,只要in/on/at/by等介词提到关系词前,后面只能接whom(指人)或which(指物),且不可省。
图:定语从句关系词三步选词看板——先行词定性+成分定位+硬规则兜底,附易错红线与口诀。
速查表:情况—做法—例子
| 情况 | 做法 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 先行词是人,作主语 | who / that(不可省) | The boy who/that won the race is Tom. |
| 先行词是物,作主语 | which / that(不可省) | The car which/that is red is mine. |
| 先行词是人/物,作宾语 | whom / which / that(可省) | The book (which/that) I read is good. |
| 关系词后接名词(所有格) | whose(人/物都可用) | the girl whose mother is a nurse |
| 介词提前(in/on/at/by...) | + whom(人)/ which(物),(不省) | the house in which I live |
| 不定代词/最高级/the only/the same | 必用 that | the only thing that I know |
| 关系词作时间/地点/原因状语 | when / where / why | the place where I was born |
图:某班42人定语从句关系词失分原因横向条形图——语感乱填18人居首,介词+关系词组合12人为硬骨头。
在明师里的工作流
备课:把上面对照表丢给明师,加一句"再给我5道同考点变式题,2道基础+2道提高+1道冲刺",秒出备课包。
出题分档:
- 基础:He is the man ____ teaches us English.(who/that)
- 提高:This is the room ____ my grandma lived ten years ago.(in which / where)
- 冲刺:He told me everything ____ he saw that day.(that——不定代词后必用)
讲评统计高频错因:把全班答题数据贴进明师,输入"统计定语从句关系词4道题每题错率,定位全班最高频错因",秒出"which乱填18人/介词组合12人/whose漏写10人"这类红橙靛三色看板,讲评时直接投影。
错题订正:针对错因生成订正卷。指令示例:>"请针对'介词+关系词'出错的学生,生成8道填空+4道改错,要求覆盖in/on/at/by四种介词+指人/指物两种情况,答案附解析。"
常见问题
问题:定语从句和宾语从句怎么区分?
看从句是否缺成分——缺主语/宾语/定语,句子不完整,就是定语从句;不缺成分、句子完整,就是宾语从句。I think he is right(宾语从句,he is right完整) vs. The boy who is right is Tom(定语从句,缺主语)。
问题:为什么有时which和that都能用,有时只能用that?
只that不which的硬规则:① 先行词是不定代词(something/anything/nothing);② 先行词有最高级修饰;③ 先行词有the only/the very/the same修饰;④ 先行词既有人又有物。其他情况which/that基本可互换。
问题:whose一定指人吗?能不能指物?
whose既可指人也可指物,它是"所有格"关系词,等同于"the + 名词 + of which/of whom"。例:I saw a house whose door was red(= the door of which was red)。这是90%同学的盲点,讲评必补。
问题:介词+关系词组合,什么时候用whom,什么时候用which?
看先行词:指人用whom,指物用which;且介词提前后关系词绝对不能省,也不能换成that。例:the man with whom I talked(指人) vs. the pen with which I wrote(指物)。
问题:明师能帮学生学/练定语从句吗?
能。 学生可在明师上做关系词选择的分层题(基础只考人/物主宾、提高加whose、冲刺加介词前置),明师秒判并给出逐题解析;错题自动进入个人错题本,订正时按错因推送同考点变式题,避免下次再错。
定语从句关系词选择,本质是先行词定性+成分定位+硬规则兜底三步。讲评的关键不是念答案,而是让学生在"看到题目"时能自己走完这三步。把对照表、失分看板、分层卷、订正卷交给明师,老师省出时间盯学生落实。想体验的老师可访问 https://mingshi.rcwq.net/register 。